Application of bipolar electrochemistry to follow electrochemical reactions at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Yazd University, Iran.

2 Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Yazd University, Iran

3 Department of Chemistry, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.

10.22059/ijmge.2023.361953.595083

Abstract

The properties of metallic minerals and metallic minerals-electrolyte interface have always been a concern in the induced polarization (IP) geophysical method due to their effects on the IP response. Electrochemical reactions, if carried out, affect the interface characteristics. Hence, the occurrence of the reactions and their effects on the IP signal have been modeled through recent research, but they are not well-known yet. Identifying these matters can help to create more realistic physical and petrophysical models, for a better explanation of IP effects. So, in the present study, 11 metallic mineral samples and the laboratory method named bipolar electrochemistry, introduced for the first time to the IP research field, have been used to show the performance of electrochemical reactions at the interface and the effect of various metallic minerals on them. The results showed that if the applied external electric potential is high enough, electrochemical reactions are carried out at the metallic minerals-electrolyte interface. In this study, these reactions were electrolysis of water and were carried out in all minerals (except sphalerite). However, the potential required to initiate the reactions was different for different minerals. The lack of water electrolysis reaction on the surface of sphalerite can probably be attributed to its non-conductivity. On the other hand, the external potential responsible for the interface reactions was linearly linked to the potential difference between the two sample’s extremities. Considering the different potentials required to start the reactions in various samples-electrolyte interfaces, and the absence of these reactions in the case of sphalerite samples, it can be concluded that the samples’ compounds affect the reactions and their commencing potentials. So, we believe that by studying these reactions, some properties of the metallic minerals can be achieved. Identifying the minerals’ properties and the reactions that can occur at their surfaces is essential for a detailed understanding of the factors affecting the IP phenomenon. To do this, we found bipolar electrochemistry as an appropriate way.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1]    Bücker, M. (2018). Pore-scale modelling of induced-polarization mechanisms in geologic materials. Doctoral dissertation. Bonn, University of Bonn. https://d-nb.info/118557610X/34.
[2]    Pearce, C. I., Pattrick, R. A., & Vaughan, D. J. (2006). Electrical and magnetic properties of sulfides. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 61(1), 127-180. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.
2006.61.3.
[3]    Wong, J. (1979). An electrochemical model of the induced-polarization phenomenon in disseminated sulfide ores. Geophysics, 44(7), 1245-1265. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441005.
[4]    Wait, J. R. (1959). A phenomenological theory of over-voltage for metallic particles, in Over-voltage research and geophysical applications. J. R. Wait, Ed., New York, Pergamon Press.
[5]    Madden, T. R., & Marshal, D. J. (1959). Induced polarization: a study of its causes and magnitudes in geologic materials. A.E.C. rep. RME-3160.
[6]    Madden, T. R., & Cantwell, T. (1967). Induced polarization: a review. Mining Geophysics, 2, SEG, Tulsa.
[7]    Loeb, J. (1969). Sur la nature nhvhico-chimiuue de 1a polarization provoquee. Rev. de l’Inst. Francais des Petrole et Ann. Des Combustibles Liquides, 24, 1455-1476.
[8]    Wong, J., & Strangway, D. (1981). Induced polarization in disseminated sulfide ores containing elongated mineralization. Geophysics, 46(9), 1258-1268. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441264.
[9]    Mahan, M. K., Redman, J. D., & Strangway, D. W. (1986). Complex resistivity of synthetic sulphide bearing rocks. Geophysical Prospecting, 34(5), 743-768, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1986.tb00491.x.
[10]  Gurin, G., Titov, K., Ilyin, Y., & Tarasov, A. (2015). Induced polarization of disseminated electronically conductive minerals: A semi-empirical model. Geophysical Journal International, 200(3), 1555-1565. https://doi.org/10.1093/
gji/ggu490.
[11]   Placencia-Gómez, E., & Slater, L. D. (2014). Electrochemical spectral induced polarization modeling of artificial sulfide-sand mixtures. Geophysics, 79(6), EN91-EN106. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0034.1.
[12]  Bücker, M., Flores Orozco, A., & Kemna, A. (2018). Electrochemical polarization around metallic particles- Part 1: The role of diffuse-layer and volume-diffusion relaxation. Geophysics, 83(4), 1-53. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0401.1.
[13]  Bücker, M., Undorf, S., Flores Orozco, A., & Kemna, A. (2019). Electrochemical polarization around metallic particles- Part 2: The role of diffuse surface charge. Geophysics, 84(2), e57-e73. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0150.1.
[14]  Crooks, R. M. (2016). Principles of Bipolar Electrochemistry. ChemElectroChem, 3(3), 357-359. https://doi.org/10.1002/
celc.201500549.
[15]  Fosdick, S. E., Knust, K. N.; Scida, K., & Crooks, R. M. (2013). Bipolar electrochemistry. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 52(40), 10438-10456. https://doi.org/10.1002/
anie.201300947.
[16]  Duval, J., Kleijn, J. M., & van Leeuwen, H. P. (2001). Bipolar electrode behaviour of the aluminum surface in a lateral electric field. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 505(1-2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(01)00461-2.
[17]  Mavré, F., Anand, R. K., Laws, D. R., Chow, K.-F., Chang, B.-Y., Crooks, J. A., & Crooks, R. M., (2010). Bipolar electrodes: a useful tool for concentration, separation, and detection of analytes in microelectrochemical systems. Analytical Chemistry, 82(21), 8766-8774. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ac101262v.
[18]  Zhan, W., Alvarez, J., & Crooks, R. M. (2002). Electrochemical sensing in microfluidic systems using electrogenerated chemiluminescence as a photonic reporter of redox reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(44), 13265-13270. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja020907s.
[19]  Shida, N., & Inagia, S. (2020) Bipolar electrochemistry in synergy with electrophoresis: Electric field-driven electrosynthesis of anisotropic polymeric materials. Chemical Communications, 56(92), 14327-14336. https://doi.org/10.1039/
D0CC06204A.
[20] Koefoed, L., Pedersen, S. U., & Daasbjerg, K. (2017). Bipolar electrochemistry–a wireless approach for electrode reactions. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 2(1), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2017.02.001.
[21]  Wang, Y. L., Cao, J. T., & Liu, Y. M. (2022) Bipolar Electrochemistry– A powerful tool for micro/nano electrochemistry. Chemistry Open, 11(12), e202200163. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.202200163.
[22] Duval, J. F. L., Huijs, G. K., Threels, W. F., Lyklema, J., & van Leeuwen, H. P. (2003a). Faradaic depolarization in the electrokinetics of the metal-electrolyte solution interface. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 260(1), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9797(02)00134-0.
[23]  Duval, J. F. L., Minor, M., Cecilia, J., & van Leeuwen, H. P. (2003b). Coupling of Lateral Electric Field and Transversal Faradaic Processes at the Conductor/Electrolyte Solution Interface. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107(17), 4143-4155. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp022459g.
[24] Duval, J. F. L., van Leeuwen, H. P., Cecilia, J., & Galceran, J. (2003c). Rigorous analysis of reversible faradaic depolarization processes in the electrokinetics of the metal/electrolyte solution interface. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107(28), 6782-6800. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp030278o.
[25]  Mavré, F., Chow, K.-F., Sheridan, E., Chang, B.-Y., Crooks, J. A., & Crooks, R. M. (2009). Theoretical and experimental framework for understanding ECL emission at bipolar electrodes. Analytical Chemistry, 81(15), 6218-6225. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac900744p.
[26]  Parasnis, D. S. (1956). The electrical resistivity of some ‘sulphide and oxide minerals and their ores. Tenth Meeting of the European Association of Exploration Geophysicists. held in Hamburg, May 16-18 1956, Sweden. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1365-2478.1956.tb01409.x.
[27]  Dentith, M., & Mudge, S. T. (2014). Geophysics for the mineral exploration geoscientist. Cambridge University Press. New York, ISBN 978-0-521-80951-1 Hardback.
[28] Shuey, R. T. (1975). Semiconducting ore minerals. Elsevier Science Publishers Coy. eBook ISBN: 9780444601421.
[29] Abraitis, P. K., Pattrick, R. A. D., & Vaughan, D. J. (2004). Variations in the compositional, textural and electrical properties of natural pyrite: a review. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 74(1-4), 41-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2003.09.002.
[30]  Mukherjee, S., Ramakrishnan, A., Chen, K. H., Chattopadhyay, K., Suwas, S., & Mallik, R. C. (2019). Tuning the Thermoelectric Properties of Chalcopyrite by Co and Se Double Substitution. AIP Conference Proceedings 2115, 030574 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5113413.
[31]  Emerson, D. (2017). Conductivities of Broken Hill Style Lead Ores. Preview, 188, 37-40, https://doi.org/10.1071/
PVv2017n188p37.
[32]  Vella, L., & Emerson, D. (2012). Electrical Properties of Magnetite- and Hematite-Rich Rocks and Ores. 22nd International Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, 26-29 February 2012- Brisbane, Australia.
[33]  Naser-Sadrabadi, A., & Zare, H. R. (2019). A highly-sensitive electrocatalytic measurement of nitrate ions in soil and different fruit vegetables at the surface of palladium nanoparticles modified DVD using the open bipolar system. Microchemical Journal. 148, 206-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.067.C. Zheng et al., “Mineral prospectivity mapping based on Support vector machine and Random Forest algorithm – A case study from Ashele copper–zinc deposit, Xinjiang, NW China,” Ore Geol Rev, vol. 159, p. 105567, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105567.
International Journal of Mining and Geo-Engineering
Volume 58, Issue 1
March 2024
Pages 39-47

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics